Tents and Marquees
Event Tents, such as wedding tents are for when you want to make a fantastic outdoor scene. They are generally structures installed at a location for a period of time.
Why A Tent?
Commercial Tents are used as protection from the sun, rain or a gathering place. They can make a stunning and creative atmosphere for any event.
Tent Rentals
Tents can be rented or leased for a day, a weekend, weeks, months, etc. For one or two day events, the Tents are usually installed a few days before the event, depending on scheduling and weather, and remain until a few days after the event. Many rentals are quoted for the entire week, allowing for time to set up and design the interior and exterior. Some Tents are built for exceedingly long-term events and have been installed and remain installed for years.
What Kind of Tent Should I Rent?
Tent rental companies come in all sizes - from small-sized companies with just a few Tents to exceedingly large-sized companies - carrying dozens of several sizes and styles of Tents. Some general rental companies rent from tent rental companies to accommodate their client’s needs.
You may know you want to use a standard Tent for your event, or your event planner may already have in mind to use a Tent. You have options! There are lots of other fantastic
structures and Tent styles out there. Some are unique and make a statement of their own. Ask the rental company you’re working with for a list of the type styles they have on hand.
Usually, the different types of Tents available in most companies are (the names vary depending of the company):
Folding Tents Easy and fast to use and always in demand. Very popular, because usually is the less expensive tent. Fast, flexible, cost effective and long lasting.
They are used by:
- Corporate brands across most industries
- Government & Council buyers
- SME business marketers
- Franchisees
- Agricultural exhibitors
- Emergency services & community groups
- Folding Tents create brand exposure opportunities.
- You can reach your audience at the right time, in the right place with the right message.
Inflatable Tents An exciting and lively alternative Tent. Easy & fast to set up. Be sure they have removable printed roof because in that way you can share the investment with other licences.
What Size Tent Will I Need?
The size of Tent depends on a few factors:
1. The number of guests you expect
2. Layout or seating arrangements or the style of event:
* Reception with what type of tables?
* Speaker engagement with what type of seating?
* Will you need a dance floor?
* Will you need display areas for your products?
If you are interested in a Tent, you can expect to need about 2,000 - 2,500 square feet for 200-seated guests. That could mean a 40 x 60 size Tent (Always ask the Tent rental vendor directly and they’ll give you the best dataabout the size of Tent you’ll need).
Therefore, the key rule is; know what you are going to use your tent for. The choice of tents is amazing, almost on par with the choice of cars that you can buy.
So if you need a tent for the family BBQ, for example, your needs are fairly rudimentry
and your budget may be tight. Look for cheap tents that offers a waterproof Polyester roof and a solid warranty for under $600.
If you need a tent for a school or sports club you will need a selection of sizes, and colours. Most plain colour Tents s range between $995- $2900. If you are keen to promote yourself, you can have your names printed for around $150-$300. Printing logos usually be a little more expensive.
In the last 5 years, portable Tents have become important to businesses for their marketing. The key need for these buyers is a prominent and identical reproduction of their logo. Sign written or printed Tents can be as boring as a website address or they can be a design masterpiece.
Remember, if it is for commercial purposes, the aim is to build awareness of your company with your printed Tent. Printed corporate Tents range in price from $1500- $4000. Good ones will really catch your eye.
Once you have decided on what sort of buyer you are and how you are going to use your Tents, a good Tents company will offer you a choice of frames, a warranty of between 3-5 years and help with formulating the printing-if you need it.
For more information about tents, contact Extreme Marquees. We have a range of cheap tents, for all sorts of home and business applications.
Sphere: Related ContentNew Zealand’s Top Holiday Cities
New Zealand has a brilliant array of astounding landscapes. Like enormous mountain ranges, endless coastlines, breathtaking rainforests, deep fiords, snow capped mountains and steaming volcanoes. These scenic wonders have all made New Zealand an attractive destination for all kinds of holidays.
Fantastic travel packages and holiday specials are available on quality accommodation in modern city hotels and luxurious wilderness lodges at reduced prices. Among the top holiday destinations in New Zealand, Queenstown, Christchurch and Auckland would definitely be there. Travel Online is a celebrated online specialist travel operator and provides fantastic tourist services for New Zealand. Travel Online provides an instant quote and booking service for accommodation in cities right across the country.
Queenstown
The international resort town of Queenstown is situated on the shoreline of Wakatipu Lake. This beautiful region is among the most scenic locations on the globe. Throughout the year adventurous and exciting sports like jet boating, bungy jumping, and white water rafting take place. This town is the epicentre of the entire world’s bungy jumping activities too. With the advent of winter, the town gets transformed to an alpine wonderland with snowboarders and skiers from all corners of the world assembling at the annual Winter Festival.
There is constant demand for Queenstown Accommodation all round the year and Travel Online offers a select group of hotels best suited for New Zealand holidays. 1, 2, 3 or 4 bedroom apartments, with cutting-edge facilities, gyms, spas and fantastic views are available at various holiday retreats across the city. Larger apartments with more bedrooms, tennis courts, private jetties and fitness centres are also available at a higher price. Luxury complexes with studio rooms in the vicinity of cafes, bars, and restaurants are also found in Travel Online’ Queenstown Accommodation selection.
Christchurch
When choosing a place to stay in Christchurch look for hotels that give views over the beautiful Victoria Square, across the mesmerizing Avon River or towards the epochal Anglican Cathedral. Situated on New Zealand’s South Island, this cosmopolitan city is always abuzz with fantastic festivals, shopping spots, theaters and art galleries. Hotels overlooking Victoria Square provide visitors with an insight in to the city’s English history.
Individuals accommodated in the vicinity of the Christchurch Cathedral will find hotel rooms with a Manhattan-style feel. Tradition and elegance are everywhere in these hotels along with a keen eye on service excellence. Luxurious bedrooms with full-fledged kitchen facilities are common, along with hi-tech conference facilities, resort-like leisure features like spas, saunas, gyms, and swimming pools. Many of these hotels provided by Travel Online are located in the vicinity of the Technology Park, the International Antarctic Centre, and the airport. Travelers who want to stay away from the hustle and bustle of the cosmopolitan life will find suitable accommodation in the magnificentcountryside surrounding the city.
Auckland
Auckland, also known as the City of Sails, is located in between 2 harbors and has more boats per person than anywhere on the planet. Within minutes a person has the choice of sailing away on yachts to isolated nearby islands, living the sweet life in the casino, surfing at lots of beaches or tasting the exotic wines at local vineyards. Hotels come in stylish and comfortable studios, and luxurious executive / marina suites. Travel Online caters to the tastes of corporate and business tourists and can beat any price seen on Auckland accommodation advertised. Auckland harbor is stunning, and is seen perfectly from atop Sky City and the surrounding accommodation.
Affordable and comfortable apartments are available for casual tourists, equipped with kitchens, laundries, and balconies to provide a memorable holidaying experience. Visitors to Auckland love visiting the Antarctic Encounter, which showcases the only penguins present in the sub-Antarctic region. More adventures include cage-bereft shark dives, scuba expeditions and snorkel safaris. New Zealand is waiting.
Travel Online has a wide range of Queenstown accommodation close to all the snow action and cosmopolitan Christchurch accommodation surrounded by all that theatre and art. For holidays in and around the water, Auckland accommodation is as good as anywhere in the world.
Sphere: Related ContentRepairing Flooded Carpet: A cheap job is a good job right? Wrong….
Don’t permit an inexperienced 24 hour carpet cleaner attempt to repair your carpets with water damage. These are the signs you have to be watchful of:
Overcharging. An amateur water restoration restorer may build the job up with unnecessary extras. E.g. using dehumidification to dry the water damaged carpets unnecessarily.
Correct equipment. They might hire equipment from hire businesses for drying the carpet. This is permissible, but an experienced water damage cleaner will have all their equipment to enable a speedy response and hopefully a better value job.
Moisture metre. If they don’t have the correct moisture meter, they can’t know if the carpet is fixed. This increases the problem of mould growth in the future. Mould removal would then be required in the future.
They are not Specialised. There are a whole lot of “Carpet Cleaners” in this industry who do water damage repair work on the “side.” i.e. they aren’t the ones who do this sort of task everyday. Be aware of them. Repairing a carpet is an art. Removing and repairing and reinstalling the carpet needs to be taken on by a professional, otherwise it can be damaged incontrovertibly.
You might be asking, how do I locate a good Flood Restoration Business? Below I have listed some signifiers to look for when you hunt around for a carpet flood damage business:
How large is their Yellow Pages ad slot: This can be a sign of how much business they do already. A full-size Yellow Pages ad can cost around $50 000. So if they have paid for a bigger ad, you have some indication that they are professionals.
Where do they show in Google? The higher the rate in Google, the more webpage clicks there have been for that business.
What Qualifications do they have? The base qualification needed is a IICRC qualification of Applied Structural Drying and Water Damage Restoration.
Do Insurance companies hire them for their carpet damage jobs? This is a great indicator. If insurance companies use them, the business is probably going to be excellent at their skill. Insurance companies often use the businesses that grant them the better value for the money.
How much Equipment do they have? They should at least own 100 Air movers. If they possess this many, this is a good indicator that they have been going for a while. Our business took 8 years to accumulate that many wet carpet drying air movers.
What level of commitment can you get out of them by calling them? Try to pin them down to a set rate for water extraction, water removal and initial inspection. If they can’t give you a price for just this, you know they are not willing to assist you, so go elsewhere.
Response Time – Our Water Damage business based in Brisbane operates to a 59 minute response time for water damage emergency. The job needs to be done ASAP. Mould can appear within a 24 hour period.
If you stick to these tips you are sure to come up with a Flood Damage Restoration professional who can get the job done right.
If you have carpet water damage Brisbane, call us for flooded wet carpet drying. Brisbane storm season is approaching and you may need storm damage carpet cleaning. Brisbane and surrounding areas serviced.
Sphere: Related ContentPodiatry as a Career in Australia
As a practicing podiatrist in Brisbane, Australia, I am frequently asked by clients if podiatry would be a good career for a school leaver to consider . There are many things to recommend a career in podiatry including:
- You can be self employed: This is a choice that is increasingly being denied to other health care providers such as optometrists and even General Practitioners . Big Business controls a lot of health practices. Consider how often you see an independent optometrist these days – can they compete on price with the multinational chains?
- Legal Issues: In Australia (unlike the USA where things are very different), podiatrists very, very rarely face litigation . The nature of podiatry practice does not lend itself to accidentally harming one’s patients. Also, you never have to give your customers the bad news that their condition will be terminal.
- Working Hours: Emergency call outs are very unlikely. This is good news for those among us who like their sleep uninterrupted.
- Financial Reward: Whilst it is true that podiatry doesn’t pay as well as being a dentist or doctor , the salary is generally commensurate with other allied health providers.
- Instant Gratification: One of the best aspects of being a podiatrist is the instant gratification! People come in with pain and leave happy. You will consult on a plethora of bite-sized jobs each day, many with a cure you can provide immediately. From someone that has worked with unanimously grumpy customers in a past career, believe me when I tell you, it makes the day much less stressful when people leave you smiling.
- Philanthropy: Podiatry will allow you a lot of opportunity to help resolve the suffering of your fellow human beings.
- Self – Determination: Podiatry gives a practitioner the power to determine their own course of action for the benefit of their patients. This is unlike a career in nursing for instance where one works under the direction of a doctor.
- Clear Job roles: The only people who can hold themselves out to be a podiatrist are those with a podiatry qualification. The clear roles that this defines relieves the requirement to find your ‘niche’ after university - as someone with a more generic Bachelor of Science degree might need to do.
- Got the urge to travel? There are many places in the world that do not train their own podiatrists including Tasmania, the Northern Territory, all of Asia and all of the Middle East. If you want to work your way around the world, Australian podiatrists can be registered in any Commonwealth country and are especially in demand in Singapore, Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other far flung fields.
- Variety: In any given day, a podiatrist will see a big range of complaints. There may be an ingrown toenail or two, an excruciating corn, a sports injury, some back pain and at least a couple of painful plantar fascias. The key to being a good podiatrist is to be an effective problem solver. Every patient is an individual with a unique condition requiring a well considered solution.
How do you qualify as a podiatrist ?
To qualify as a podiatrist which can be studied at available fromsix Australian Universities:
-
Curtin University
- La Trobe University
- Charles Sturt University
- Queensland University of Technology
- University of South Australia
- University of Western Sydney.
Last year, the entry score for the QUT was OP 8.
Stephanie Cosgrove graduated as a podiatrist from QUT in 1990 and with a Master’s degree in Applied Science (Podiatry) in 1996. Since 1991, she has worked in private practice as a Podiatrist Brisbane. She received three university prizes during her studies, including the award for excellence in design and manufacture of orthotics. Brisbane has been the site of her private practice since 1991 which has grown to four locations and eleven staff. If you want to Walk Without Pain consider a visit to Brisbane’s most innovative podiatry practice today. Call for an appointment now on 1300 A1 Feet.
Sphere: Related ContentEight Steps to Great Web Design
Take control of getting your site conceived by a developer and understand the process it will save you money and attain you a site that actually works the intended purpose!
1. Understanding your business and how you are currently established in your market.
In order to author a site that truly meets your requirements; you first need to have a full knowledge of your business including your products, and/or services and more importantly their market position. You then have to consider how you want to explain your business and what it offers in 7 seconds or less. Sounds impossible? Well that is the average time that a user will consider the point “is this site I searched for?”.
2. Budget and estimation
Have a budget in mind and don’t be afraid to let the developers know what it is. In saying this: BE REALISTIC, $500 will never see a great web site created, nor will they be anything left in the bank to market it.
3. The creative process
Be loaded with example sites and more importantly the elements of the site you like so they can achieve an understanding of what you would like to see on your site and also what you find frustrating about other sites. This will construct a good profile and identify not only what type of site to actualize for you but your tolerance to colours, animations, layouts etc. for your requirements which will allow for effective development. The more interaction and information you accord them in the beginning the more time you will save everybody in the long run by achieving what you want 1st time round. Check with the designers on how many rounds of changes come with the contract, most will allow for a total conceptual redesign only once and 2 rounds of changes after that.
4. Production and Content
After the home page design is created, the developers will more than likely acquire the general layout of this concept and then construct the inner page template. It is this template that will be repeated for most of your pages for your site.
Submit your content in a pre-proofed word processed document; don’t get too creative with the document fonts etc. as these will not be preserved when the content is copied into the code of the site. It is inferred that you do use bolding, underlining, headings and sub heading though ,as these highlights are transferred into the site and are crucial later on in not only getting the point across to the reader but for Search Engine Optimisation.
One last tip for content; present a decent amount of content but formulate it in a way that a reader may accomplish a summary of what you are trying to infer across in the 1st couple of paragraphs and an image or to. The rest of the paragraphs that get into finer details ARE FOR GOOGLE !
5. Development Programming and CMS
If your website contains Content Managed Areas (CMS) or has any other dynamic sections the developers will wrap your design around a content management program such as Joomla or Drupal or they may have a custom built system. Make sure that you get to see how the CMS system works on another site they have developed or an example site they may have. it is essential that you know that you can utilize and know the system when your site is complete.
6. Testing and training
We work closely with the developers to test your site especially if there are any CMS or special programs that have been created for you. You can guarantee if it is has just been written for you then it will not operate 100% first time round. This is a where things can get ugly in the process you must understand the way the program works and test it as if you were normal website user. If it doesn’t make sense to you, chances are it won’t make sense to your audience. Make sure you test your website on more than just your browser, try to test it on Internet Explorer, Firefox and Safari. All of these browsers are available to download on the internet for free!
7. Launch – going live
When the developers are ready to put your site onlive make sure you have completed the above testing step until you are content that this website is the best representation of your business / product it can be. Remember even though you can change things after going live it is still a poor reflection on your business if there are spelling mistakes or broken images when you launch.
8. Marketing
There is little point in having a website if nobody visits it, make sure as part of you contract you have considered search engine optimisation and or search engine marketing as part of your website build. This is the absolute most important factor of the whole process. If you are the only one looking at your site then you are in trouble.
Remember Search Engine Optimisation is about 30% Onsite (getting your site correct for Search Engine to index correctly) and 70% Promotion. Any developer who tells you otherwise hasn’t been in the industry too long.
For more information about web design Brisbane, contact Web Site Blue. Our web designers understand marketing as well as design.
Sphere: Related ContentTips to Creating a New Business Logo
A logo is a decisive step to building a business. It is the face of your business. And like your face represents the tone of your business, indicates the service and reveals the professionalism or lack there of.
People spend a lot of money on the formation of their logo and walk away with no artwork files. Then a couple months down the track when they need to put signage on their new building they cannot track the design studio down that created the original logo for them and so incur costs to have it redone. This is unnecessary and may cause complications when trying to recreate the logo exactly as determined originally.
We have created some basic tips you for to think about when creating a logo. Hopefully these will help you from experiencing any future difficulties.
Tip 1
First things first - you need to decide if you would like your logo to have an accompanying icon. It is desired that if your service or product name is not in your business name then perhaps an icon will assist in conveying a clear message across to your target audience.
An icon can add an extra element to your branding in that you could use the icon on its own on collateral where perhaps you are looking for a more illustrative finish without losing recognition.
A excellent example of this is the well-known and executed Fedex logo.
Tip 2
Colour can be an extremely important decision as it not only could alter the output costs but can also hinder your output use. Think about the end result and what you will be bringing your branding onto in the future. Make sure your designer is aware of this as they should design accordingly.
Tip 3
Ensure you get a back up disk of your logo as a master file and insure that it includes all the files required for the different printing formats.
Creative software updates frequently and some programmes become obsolete. Insure you have a copy of your logo as a PDF - with the text converted to curves.
Tip 4
Using images in your logo is not very easy to regulate. For example it is hard to to reverse into black and white. Images also have limitations when it comes to size - they can only be reproduced to a certain size before they start pixilation.
Tip 5
Using gradients in your logo is not recommended. This too can have limitations when it comes to output for ie: gradients are hard to reproduce when embroidering fabrics.
Tip 6
Insure sure the font is legible. Some logos need to be reproduced on small pieces of collateral ie: post stamps. It is important that in this case the text is
legible.
Tip 7
Make certain that you receive a copy of your logo in CMYK high resolution 300 dpi (for printing use) and RGB 72 dpi(for web use).
Tip 8
It is important to have a style guide of your logo. It will clearly show you how to use your logo so it looks exactly the same every time it is reproduced. This allows you to keep your corporate image consistent.
Tip 9
Make sure that you get a letter from the design studio declaring that you own the copyright to your logo.
If you follow these tips then not only will you receive a well-designed logo but you will also own the artwork. And when it comes to reproducing your collateral you will be doing it the most cost effective way.
For logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact graphic design Brisbane today for a free two hour consultation.
Sphere: Related ContentHow to Create a Style Guide
How many times have you sent business cards to print and picked up yet another version of your corporate colour? Ever been fired up to see your advert in the latest newspaper and then recognized that the crucial tag line is missing or your logo has been squashed.
There is only one way to thwart this from happening and that is to use a style guide. Not only will a style guide help you control the reproduction of your logo - it will also help you strengthen your brand recognition – which many argue is one of the strongest selling tools.
We have placed the below steps together for you as a starting point.
Step 1 : Outline the audience for your Style Guide. Is this for staff to put to work in-house or is this for suppliers and contractors to refer to?
Step 2 : Mark what your output uses are. This is important because you will want different logos and file formats for example, black and white publication adverts in comparison to vehicle graphics.
Step 3 : Define the tone for the copy and content required. For example you may requirecopy rules for printed content and then copy rules for website content.
Content rules cover all punctuation rules and how to specify to the business and team.
Step 4 : Make sure you layout all the design templates so it is clear how and where the logo and branding lies on all the different pieces of collateral that may be reprinted.
Step 5 : Make certain to include any contributing logos or logos of business that are affiliated with you. It’s also important that you issue a copy of the layout to these companies to insure they agree with the layout of their logo as they too may have their own Style Guide and hierarchy layout rules.
Step 6 : Assure that grammar, spelling and contact details are correct.
Step 7 : Assure that when suppliers are using the Style Guide they understand~know~discern~apprehend} that a proof needs to be dispatched~sent~mailed~commissioned}to you to be confirmed as correct.
Make your Style Guide finished and as established as possible. Then have it saved in an email friendly file format and have a couple printed. Once this is done we strongly advocate a training session – whereby your design studio comes in and trains your staff on how to use the Style Guide and most importantly your brand.
For graphic design Brisbane, logo design Brisbane and web design Brisbane, contact Bydaughters today. We help your brand build business.
Sphere: Related ContentProjectors: LCD Verses DLP (The downfall of DLP technology)
The most typical question customers ask when purchasing a new projector for the home, office, or classroom is: should I take an LCD projector or a DLP projector? LCD, an acronym for ‘liquid crystal device’ and DLP, standing for ‘digital light processing’ are the two top projector imaging technologies. With so many different brands and models available, it can be challenging for the buyer to choose between those technologies. The fact is that LCD projectors offer better image quality and colour accuracy. The next paragraph will explain why DLP projectors struggle with creating a comparable standard of image quality.
Visualise a set of blinds in your room covering your bedroom window. By pulling a rod you can make the shutters open or closed, according to if you want to let light in or not. And this is exactly how an LCD projector behaves. Each pixel works like its own shutter on a set of blinds to either pass light through or to block it. DLP on the other hand is created of millions of microscopic mirrors or ‘pixel elements’ as pros like to call them. Each pixel element functions to either reflect light or block it.
How the light source is processed from the point at which the projector switches on to when the image reaches your screen is vitally important for image quality, brightness and colour accuracy. LCD projectors shine white light from the lamp by dividing it into red, blue and green components, by three mirrors which project the coloured light to 3 individual LCD panels. The 3 LCD panels form the elements of the image by processing each pixel on and off. The pixels are then meshed in a glass prism to send the projector image. A significant point to realise about LCD projectors is that all three colours are projected onto your projected surface at the same time. The way a DLP projector works is very different and even the produced image looks is not the same. With DLP, white light from the lamp is processed through a rotating colour wheel with transparent red, blue and green segments, at speeds up to 11,000 rpm/s. This way of making an image requires a sequence of red, blue and green light. The millions of micro mirrors as described above reflect the coloured light on the pixels to create the image elements. The elements of the image are projected in sequence on the screen, one colour at a time. The viewer’s eye will then pull together each coloured element of the image into the complete image. In LCD projectors, all colours are available all the time to form the top level of brightness and fantastic colour accuracy. In DLP, just one colour is available at once, resulting in lower colour brightness and accuracy. Some manufacturers have included a white segment for the colour wheel to improve overall brightness, but this then degrades colour accuracy.
I read in forums all the time that DLP gives a higher contrast ratio and as such must be superior. For those who are uncertain, the contrast ratio is a measure of a display system defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest white to that of the darkest black that the system is capable of producing. DLP projectors do have high contrast specifications when compared to most LCD projectors. At one glance, this appears to be an advantage, however, in real life, the true black level is determined by the ambient light in the room while the projector is being utilised. Do not be tricked by contrast specifications on websites and in brochures.
When the content you plan to view needs moving images, DLP projection technology can also have image errors, or ‘artifacts’. The most often seen artifact that a DLP projector shows with moving images is colour break up. Colour break up is to be expected in DLP systems because moving images change position between the time red, blue and green colours are pulled up. LCD projectors do not have this problem because all the colours are delivered at once. DLP manufacturers have formed 3DLP solutions using 3 chips to solve the colour break up artifacts, but the cost of these projectors make them almost impossible for the majority of businesses and consumers.
Another difference between LCD and DLP is how they balance for the refractive qualities of light. Think back to high school science, and remember when they taught you how different colours of light refract various amounts when passing through the same lens. The downfall with DLP projectors is that they use the one same panel with the same lens to project Red, Blue and Green. All 3 colours are different and refract light differently. Generally with a DLP projector, a spill of yellow colour will come up above and some extra blue will appear below an image containing something as simple as a straight black line. While being built LCD projectors can be set to remove these effects on the projected image, because each colour is refracted on a separate LCD panels.
The isolated real benefit (excluding price) with choosing a DLP projector is its smaller total size and weight. However, this is only relevant to transporting the device and has to be traded off against the image advantages of LCD projectors. If resulting picture quality is crucial to you, then the solution is simple. Go for an LCD projector! LCD projectors will definitely show bright, colourful images with fewer image blips. If you want to know more about LCD technology in more detail, have a gander at this spectacular resource website: Explore 3LCD. If you have any additional questions, jump onto Projector Central and send me an email.
Jonathan King is the sales and marketing manager at Projector Central, Australia’s top online provider for projectors. Based in Brisbane, Projector Central has served Australia for 15 years. For data projectors in the Gold Coast and Interactive Whiteboards, contact Projector Central today.
Sphere: Related ContentYachting and Yacht Clubs
As the Dutch rose to preeminence in sea power during the 17th century, the first yacht was a leisure craft used initially by royalty and then by the burghers on the canals as well as the protected and unprotected waters of the Low Countries. Yacht racing was incidental, arising as private challenges. English yachting began with King Charles II of England during his exile in the Low Countries. On his return to the English monarchy in 1660, the city of Amsterdam presented him with a 20-metre (66-foot) leisure boat with a beam (maximum width) of 5.6 m (18 feet), which he then named Mary. Charles and his brother James, the duke of York (James II, ruled 1685–88), built other yachts and in 1662 raced two of them from the Thames, from Greenwich, to Gravesend, and returning, on a £100 wager. Yachting rose as popular among the wealthy and aristocracy, but after that point the habit did not last.
The first yacht group in the British Isles, the Water Club, was started at about 1720 at Cork, Ire., as a cruising and unofficial coast guard association, and had great naval panoply and rigour. The closest thing to a race was the “chase,” when the “fleet” pursued an imagined enemy. The club persisted, largely as a social club, until 1765, and in 1828, after merging with other clubs, it became the Cork Yacht Club (later the Royal Cork Yacht Club).
Yacht racing was seen in some stipulated method on the Thames about the mid-18th century. The duke of Cumberland instigated the Cumberland Fleet for Thames racing in 1775. When George IV came to the throne in 1820, it came to be called the Fleet to His Majesty’s Coronation Sailing Society. The Thames Yacht Club seceded after a racing dispute, to become the Royal Thames Yacht Club in 1830. The first English yacht society had been started at Cowes on the Isle of Wight in 1815, and royal patronage made the Solent - the strait between the mainland and the Isle of Wight - the continued site of British yacht racing. The organisation at Cowes became the Royal Yachting Club, also at the rise of George IV. Every member was required to own boats of at least 20 tons (20,321 kg). Sailing matches for high stakes were held, and the club life was lovely. Ultimately Royal Yachting Club boats increased in size to over 350 tons.
In North America, yachting began with the Dutch in New York in the 17th century and persisted when the English took dominance. Sailing was mostly for pleasure and reached its apogee in George Crowinshield’s Cleopatra’s Barge (1815), which sailed on the Mediterranean Sea and created a benchmark of luxury and sophistication for the later yachts in that area from the late 19th century. The first continuing American yacht group, the Detroit Boat Club, was instigated in 1839. In 1844, John C. Stevens began the New York Yacht Club while on board his schooner Gimcrack.
Kinds of sailboats
Early sailing yachts were within the lines of such naval craft as brigantines, schooners, and cutters from the 17th century until the latter half of the 19th century. The craft of sizeable yachts was originally heavily impacted by the success of America, which was designed by George Steers for a association headed by John C. Stevens, and it was the boat for which the America’s Cup (q.v.) found its namesake after its victory at Cowes in 1851. Early yachts were not designed and crafted in a contemporary sense, with just a model used. Not until the latter half of the 19th century did what was known as naval architecture come into being. Not until the 1920s did the use of the science of aerodynamics do for the structure of sails and rigging what it had done earlier for hulls.
Because nearly all sailboats had been individually manufactured, there came a requirement for handicapping boats as this was before the one-design class boats were made. Hence, a rating rule came into being, which ended up in the International Rule, adopted in 1906 and revised in 1919. Today, one of the fastest flourishing areas in the sailing industry is that of one-design class boats. All boats in a one-design class are created to standard requirements in length, beam, sail area, and other aspects (for an example of a two-person sailboat, see illustration). Racing between those boats can be had on an even par with no handicapping at all. A perfect example is the standard International America’s Cup Class taken on board for racers in the 1992 America’s Cup race.
So long as yachting was an activity primarily for the aristocracy and the wealthy, money was no issue, and the size of boats grew, in both length and weight. The rise and preference of smaller boats occurred in the second half of the 19th century in the sailing of the Englishmen R.T. McMullen, a stockbroker, and E.F. Knight, a barrister and journalist. A voyage around the world (1895–98) captained single-handedly by the naturalized American captain Joshua Slocum in the 11.3-metre Spray demonstrated the hardiness of small craft. Thereafter in the 20th century, particularly after World War II, smaller racing and recreational craft became commonplace, down to the dinghy, a preferred training boat, of 3.7 m. In the late 20th century, craft of less than 3 m were traveled in single-handedly across the Atlantic Ocean.
Kinds of power yachts
Post the decade 1840–50, in which steam started to take the place of sail power in market craft, the steam engine, and later the internal-combustion engine, were employed increasingly in personal vessels. Large power yachts were progressed to a high standard, and long-distance sailing became a preferred pastime of the affluent. The early power yachts were paddle-wheel boats; those then gave way to boats powered by the fully submerged screw or propeller sort of propulsion. Like naval and merchant yachts, auxiliaries with both sail and power were the yacht standard for many years. By the later half of the 20th century, a lot of yachts were still auxiliaries, but the large part were only power yachts with gasoline or diesel engines.
During the last decade of the 19th century there was a push in the construction of more sizeable steam yachts. Notably within these was the Mayflower (1897) of 2,690 tons, with triple-expansion engines, twin screws, and a compartmented iron hull, and was operated by a crew of at least 150. The Mayflower, bought by the United States Navy in 1898, was the official yacht of the president of the United States until 1929 and saw active service in World War II.
As larger and more reliable internal-combustion engines were produced, many bigger boats started using them for power. The establishment of the diesel engine, using heavy oil for fuel, was furthered for World War I. In the decade that followed, large power-yacht creation flourished, hitting a climax in the Orion (1930) at 3,097 tons. During that period the largest auxiliary yacht manufactured was the four-masted, steel, barque-rigged Sea Cloud (1931) of 2,323 tons.
The building of bigger power yachts declined from 1932, and the fashion after that was for smaller, less costly craft. After World War II, lots of small naval vessels were traded by private owners for conversion to yachts. In the late 20th century, yachting is a internationally popular competition enjoyed by thousands of yachtsmen personally owning and maintaining their own small recreational craft. The number of craft and owners has increased steadily, not only in the traditional locations along the seacoasts but also on inland waterways and lakes.
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Sphere: Related ContentProportional, Progressive, and Regressive taxes
Taxes are categorized by the effect they have on the placement of income and wealth. A proportional tax is a tax that imposes the same relative burden on every taxpayer—i.e., when tax liability and income move in equal scale. A progressive tax is recognised by a larger than proportional rise in the tax burden in regard to the rise in income, and a regressive tax is characterizable by a less than proportional increase in the comparable burden. So, progressive taxes are seen as removing the lack of equality in income distribution, while regressive taxes may have the result of an increase in these inequalities.
The taxes that are generally thought to be progressive include individual income taxes and estate taxes. Income taxes that are initially progressive, however, could become less so in the upper-income class—especially if a taxpayer is able to lower his tax base by nominating deductions or by excluding some particular income parts from his taxable income. Proportional tax rates that are applied to lower-income categories will also be more progressive if such exemptions of a personal nature are declared.
Income measured over a given year may not necessarily provide the best measure of taxpaying ability. For example, transitory increases in income might be saved, and in temporary declines in income a taxpayer may elect to finance consumption by taking from savings. So, if taxation is held in comparison along with “permanent income,” it should be less regressive (or more progressive) than if made comparable with annual income.
Sales taxes and excises (except those on luxuries) are mostly regressive, because the spread of individual income consumed or spent on a specific good lessens as the rate of personal income rises. Poll taxes (also termed head taxes), nominated as a fixed amount per capita, clearly are regressive.
It is difficult to dictate corporate income taxes and taxes on business as progressive, regressive, or proportionate, due to the lack of certainty about the ability of businesses to shift their tax expenses (see below Shifting and incidence). This difficulty of deciding who bears the tax burden lays crucially on whether a national or a subnational (that is, provincial or state) tax is being debated.
In assessing the economic purpose of taxation, it is essential to differentiate between several points of tax rates. The statutory rates include those dictated in law; generally these are marginal rates, but in some cases they are median rates. Marginal income tax rates signify the fraction of incremental income that is demanded by taxation when income rises by one dollar. Hence, if tax liability grows by 45 cents when income rises by one dollar, the marginal tax rate is 45 percent. Income tax legislature generally contain graduated marginal rates—i.e., rates that increase as income increases. Structured analysis of marginal tax rates should review provisions in addition to the formal statutory rate structure. If, for example, a particular tax credit (reduction in tax) lowers by 20 cents for each one-dollar increase in income, the marginal rate is 20 percentage points more than specified in the statutory rates. Since marginal rates signify how after-tax income is changed in response to changes in before-tax income, they are the important ones for appraising incentive effects of taxation. It is even more difficult to know the marginal effective tax rate applicable to income from business and capital, as it may rely on considerations including the structure of depreciation allowances, the deductibility of interest, and the provisions for inflation adjustment. A basic economic theorem shows that the marginal effective tax rate in income from capital is nothing under a consumption-based tax.
Average income tax rates display the fraction of total income that is demanded in taxation. The pattern of average rates is the one that is important for assessing the distributional equity of taxation. Under a progressive income tax the average income tax rate grows with income. Average income tax rates generally rise with income, both because personal allowances are permitted for the taxpayer and dependents and also because marginal tax rates are graduated; on the other hand, preferential treatment of income received mostly by high-income households might dwarf these effects, allowing regressivity, as displayed by average tax rates that decrease as income increases.
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